BAMBOO REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
February 1966
U. S. NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABAORATORY
Port Hueneme, California
By
Francis E. Brink and Paul J. Rush
This
report has been prepared to assist field personnel in the design and construction
of bamboo reinforced concrete. The information in this report has been
compiled from reports of test programs by various researchers and represents
current opinion.
Comments
on the selection and preparation of bamboo for reinforcing are given.
Construction principles for bamboo reinforced concrete are discussed. Design
procedures and charts for bamboo reinforced concrete are given and conversion
methods from steel reinforced concrete design are shown. Six design examples
are presented.
EDITOR'S NOTES - DECEMBER 2000
NOTE:
This document was originally a publication of the U.S. Naval Civil
Engineering Laboratory. We have placed this document on the web because of
its historical interest to those interested in the topic of alternative
methods of concrete construction. These notes were added after this document
was entered into a modern word processor and are not part of the original
document.
DISCLAIMER:
This document was scanned and retyped from a hard copy of the original that
was about 35 years old. No effort has been made to verify the correctness of
information or calculations contained herein, and the reader takes all
responsibility when applying this information in his or her work. It is
possible there is more recent research and studies that supercede the
material contained in this study. Use this information at your own risk. No
one at romanconcrete.com or its associates takes any responsibility as to the
fitness of this material for use in actual construction. This study is being
shared for research use only.
CHANGES:
The only changes to the original document, besides these notes and the
formatting changes available in a modern word processor, (besides potential
mistakes in typing) are purely formatting and include the addition of a table
of contents, numbering of sections, a list of tables and figures, and the
change from table I in the original document to table II in this document.
Please report all mistakes in this document to:
RECOGNITION:
Recognition is given to Rear Admiral Jack E. Buffington, Naval Facilities
Engineering Command, United States Navy, Retired, for his encouragement in
placing this unusual article on bamboo concrete construction on the internet.
It identifies the potential for an alternative light construction method at
low cost for areas where steel reinforcement might be prohibitive. In this
case, bamboo might replace steel in light construction as the tensile element
in concrete design. This report highlights the technical expertise that
exists in the Navy's Civil Engineering Corps and the personnel at the Naval
Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port Hueneme, California in particular. Their
willingness to share such creative information with the world is truly
creditable and appreciated.
Contents
Tables
Figures
The use
of bamboo as reinforcement in portland cement concrete has been studied
extensively by Clemson Agricultural College.(ref 1) Bamboo has been used as a
construction material in certain areas for centuries, but its application as
reinforcement in concrete had received little attention until the Clemson
study.
A study
of the feasibility of using bamboo as the reinforcing material in precast
concrete elements was conducted at the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station in 1964.(ref 2) Ultimate strength design procedures,
modified to take into account the characteristics of the bamboo reinforcement
were used to estimate the ultimate load carrying capacity of the precast
concrete elements with bamboo reinforcing.
Bamboo
was given recent consideration for use as reinforcement in soil-cement
pavement slabs in which the slabs behave inelastically even under light
loads. For this case ultimate load analysis was shown to be more economical
and suitable for use.(ref 3)
The
results of these investigations form the basis of the conclusions and
recommendations presented in this report. Further studies will be required
before complete confidence can be placed theoretical designs based on the
material presented here.
2. SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF
BAMBOO
The
following factors should be considered in the selection of bamboo culms
(whole plants) for use as reinforcement in concrete structures:
- Use
only bamboo showing a pronounced brown color. This will insure that the
plant is at least three years old.
- Select
the longest large diameter culms available.
- Do
not use whole culms of green, unseasoned bamboo.
- Avoid
bamboo cut in spring or early summer. These culms are generally weaker
due to increased fiber moisture content.
Sizing. Splints (split culms) are
generally more desirable than whole culms as reinforcement. Larger culms
should be split into splints approximately 3/4 inch wide. Whole culms less
than 3/4 inch in diameter can be used without splitting. (See Fig 4)
Splitting
the bamboo can he done by separating the base with a sharp knife and then
pulling a dulled blade through the culm. The dull blade will force the stem
to split open; this is more desirable than cutting the bamboo since splitting
will result in continuous fibers and a nearly straight section. Table II
shows the approximate net area provided by whole culms and by 3/4-inch-wide
splints, as well as the cross-sectional properties of standard deformed steel
bars and wire mesh.
Seasoning. When possible, the bamboo
should be cut and allowed to dry and season for three to four weeks before
using. The culms must be supported at regular spacings to reduce warping.
Bending. Bamboo can be permanently
bent if heat, either dry or wet, is applied while applying pressure. This
procedure can be used for forming splints into C-shaped stirrups and for
putting hooks on reinforcement for additional anchorage.
Waterproof
Coatings. When
seasoned bamboo, either split or whole, is used as reinforcement, it should
receive a waterproof coating to reduce swelling when in contact with
concrete. Without some type of coating, bamboo will swell before the concrete
has developed sufficient strength to prevent cracking and the member may be
damaged, especially if more than 4 percent bamboo is used. The type of
coating will depend on the materials available. A brush coat or dip coat of
asphalt emulsion is preferable. Native latex, coal tar, paint, dilute
varnish, and water-glass (sodium silicate) are other suitable coatings. In
any case, only a thin coating should be applied; a thick coating will
lubricate the surface and weaken the bond with the concrete.
3. CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES
In
general, techniques used in conventional reinforced concrete construction
need not he changed when bamboo is to be used for reinforcement.
3.1 Concrete Mix Proportions
The
same mix designs can be used as would normally be used with steel reinforced
concrete. Concrete slump should be as low as workability will allow. Excess
water causes swelling of the bamboo. High early-strength cement is preferred
to minimize cracks caused by swelling of bamboo when seasoned bamboo cannot
be waterproofed.
3.2 Placement of bamboo
Bamboo
reinforcement should not be placed less than 1-1/2 inches from the face of
the concrete surface. When using whole culms, the top and bottom of the stems
should be alternated in every row and the nodes or collars, should be staggered.
This will insure a fairly uniform cross section of the bamboo throughout the
length of the member, and the wedging effect obtained at the nodes will
materially increase the bond between concrete and bamboo.
The
clear spacing between bamboo rods or splints should not be less than the
maximum size aggregate plus 1/4 inch. Reinforcement should be evenly spaced
and lashed together on short sticks placed at right angles to the main
reinforcement. When more than one layer is required, the layers should also
be tied together. Ties should preferably be made with wire in important
members. For secondary members, ties can be made with vegetation strips.
Bamboo
must be securely tied down before placing the concrete. It should be fixed at
regular intervals of 3 to 4 feet to prevent it from floating up in the
concrete during placement and vibration. In flexural members continuous,
one-half to two-thirds of the bottom longitudinal reinforcement should be
bent up near the supports. This is especially recommended in members
continuous over several supports. Additional diagonal tension reinforcement
in the form of stirrups must be used near the supports. The vertical stirrups
can be made from wire or packing case straps when available; they can also be
improvised from split sections of bamboo bent into U-shape, and tied securely
to both bottom longitudinal reinforcement and bent-up reinforcement. Spacing
of the stirrups should not exceed 6 inches.
3.3 Anchorage and Splicing of
Reinforcements
Dowels
in the footings for column and wall reinforcement should be imbedded in the
concrete to such a depth that the bond between bamboo and concrete will
resist the allowable tensile force in the dowel. This imbedded depth is
approximately 10 times the diameter of whole culms or 25 times the thickness
of 3/4 inch wide splints. In many cases the footings will not be this deep;
therefore, the dowels will have to be bent into an L-shape. These dowels
should be either hooked around the footing reinforcement or tied securely to
the reinforcement to insure complete anchorage. The dowels should extend
above the footings and be cut so that not more than 30 percent of the splices
will occur at the same height. All such splices should be overlapped at least
25 inches and be well tied.
Splicing
reinforcement in any member should be overlapped at least 25 inches. Splices
should never occur in highly stressed areas and in no case should more than
30 percent of the reinforcement be spliced in any one location.
Bamboo
reinforced concrete design is similar to steel reinforcing design. Bamboo
reinforcement can be assumed to have the following mechanical properties:
Table
I. Mechanical properties of bamboo reinforcement
Mechanical
Property
|
Symbol
|
Value (psi)
|
Ultimate
compressive strength
|
|
8,000
|
Allowable
compressive stress
|
s
|
4,000
|
Ultimate
tensile strength
|
|
18,000
|
Allowable
tensile stress
|
s
|
4,000
|
Allowable
bond stress
|
u
|
50
|
Modulus
of elasticity
|
E
|
2.5x106
|
When
design handbooks are available for steel reinforced concrete, the equations
and design procedures can be used to design bamboo reinforced concrete if the
above mechanical properties are substituted for the reinforcement.
Due to
the low modulus of elasticity of bamboo, flexural members will nearly always
develop some cracking under normal service loads. If cracking cannot be
tolerated, steel reinforced designs or designs based on unreinforced sections
are required.
Experience
has shown that split bamboo performs better than whole culms when used as
reinforcing. Better bond develops between bamboo and concrete when the
reinforcement is-split in addition to providing more compact reinforcement
layers. Large-diameter culms split into 3/4-inch- wide splints are
recommended. (References to splints in the following examples will be
understood as meaning 3/4-inch-wide splints of a specified thickness unless otherwise
stated.
Design
principles for the more common structural members are presented in the
following sections. Examples of the use of these principles for each member
discussed are included.
4.1 Beams and Girders
Flexural
members reinforced with bamboo can be designed with the use of Figure 1.
Bamboo longitudinal reinforcement should be between 3 and 4 percent of the
concrete cross section.
Figure
2 can be used to convert existing designs for steel reinforced beams to
equivalent bamboo reinforced designs. The curve provides the cross-sectional
dimensions of a bamboo reinforced beam that will have the same bending moment
resistance coefficient as a balanced steel reinforced beam, singly
reinforced. Economy of concrete increases going to the left on the curve;
therefore, deeper, narrower replacement beams are recommended.
The
number and size of bamboo reinforcing rods (culms or splints) can be selected
from Figure 2b. These curves are drawn for 3 percent of the concrete cross
section as bamboo reinforcement which is in the optimum range for flexural
members. Other reinforcement percentages can be used as noted on the figure.
A minimum number of rods should be used to provide adequate spacing. The
bamboo stirrup area should always be about 4 times the steel stirrup area.
4.1.1 Example 1 - Design of
Bamboo Reinforced Beam:
Design
a bamboo reinforced concrete beam to span 8 feet and to carry a uniform dead
load plus live load of 500 pounds per linear foot and two concentrated loads
of 12,000 pounds each symmetrically located 2 feet each side of the center
line of span. Assume the ultimate strength of the concrete is 2500 psi; the
allowable compression stress is 0.45 f'c or 1125 psi. Allowable
unit diagonal tension stress,
,
in the concrete is 0.03 f'c or 75 psi. Allowable tension stress, s, in the bamboo is 4000 psi;
the allowable unit bond stress between bamboo and concrete is 50 psi.
1. At
the intersection of the allowable stress curves (Figure 1) for concrete and
bamboo, find R = 115 and p = 3.1 percent.
2.
Maximum bending moment, M, is given by:
3. From
bd2
= 336,000/115 = 2920 in.3
4. If b
= 8 in. is chosen, then d = (2920/8)1/2 = 19.1 in.
5.
Bamboo reinforcement = pbd = 0.031(8)(19.1) = 4.75 sq in.
6. Use
3/4-inch-thick splints, area = 0.563 sq in. (from Table II). Number required
= 4.75/0.563 = 8.4; round up to 9. Space evenly in three rows. Bend up top
row randomly in the outer one-third ends of the beam.
7.
Check the bond stress. Maximum shear at the support, V, is determined as:
The perimeter of one splint is
4(3/4) or 3 in.; the total perimeter of the longitudinal reinforcement,
,
is 9(3) = 27 in. The value of j = 0.925 is taken from Figure 1 for 3.1 percent
reinforcement. The bond stress, u, is calculated from:
This is less than the allowable bond stress of 50 psi.
8. Calculate the shear, V', taken by the concrete from
Where
is
the allowable diagonal tension stress of the concrete.
9. Try
1/4-inch-thick splints for stirrups. The area provided by one stirrup bent
into a U-shape, A, is 2(0.1875) = 0.375 sq. in. Maximum spacing, s, is given
by:
Common practice is to include
two additional stirrups past the point where diagonal tension reinforcement
is not needed.
4.1.2 Example 2 - Replacement
of a Steel Reinforced Beam with a Bamboo Reinforced Beam:
Construction
drawings call for the beam given in the sketch below. Replace it with a
bamboo reinforced beam. There are no objections to deepening the member.
1.
Select the cross-sectional dimensions from Figure 2a. Avoid using sections
with depth to width ratios greater than 4 for reasons of stability. Try width
of 1.0b or 10 in. and a depth of 1.32d or 29.0 in. The area is 290 sq in.
2. The
amount of reinforcement can be selected from Figure 2b. Assume that
3/4-inch-thick splints will be used. The number of splints required for 200
sq in. is determined at 11. This number is multiplied by the ratio 290/200 to
get 16 splints. These should be-distributed evenly in four rows.
3.
Determine the vertical stirrups required. The No. 4 steel stirrups have a
cross-sectional area of 0.2 sq in. (Table II). These stirrups are spaced at
10 in. which provides (12/10)(0.2)= 0.24 sq in. of reinforcement in a 12-inch
length. Four times this area should be used for bamboo stirrups or 0.96 sq
in. per foot of length. From Figure 4, select 3/8-inch-thick splints spaced
at 4-inch centers.
4. The
top two rows should be bent up randomly in the outer one-third sections of
the beams to assist the vertical stirrups in resisting diagonal tension.
4.2 Columns
Bamboo
reinforcement in columns serves to resist a compression load equal to that
taken by the concrete it displaces; it also will resist shear and tensile
stresses. Of the full cross section of concrete, only 80 percent is
considered effective in rectangular tied, columns. Allowable concrete stress
should not exceed 0.225 f'c where f'c is the ultimate
compressive strength of the concrete.
Vertical
reinforcement should be approximately 4 percent of the column cross section
for rectangular columns. When bamboo is used as lateral tie reinforcement,
the ties should be spaced not over 16 times the least dimension of the
vertical reinforcement nor farther apart than the least dimension of the
column. Enough ties should be provided so that every vertical bar is held
firmly in its designed position and has lateral support equivalent to that
provided by a 90-degree corner of a tie. A common rule for determining the
size of a tie is that its cross-sectional area is 2 percent of the area of
all the vertical reinforcement confined by it.
The
concrete cross-sectional area of bamboo reinforced rectangular columns
conservatively should be 2.25 times the concrete area of steel reinforced
rectangular columns, indicating a 50-percent increase in face dimensions.
4.2.1 Example 3 - Square Bamboo
Reinforced Column Design:
Determine
the cross section and bamboo reinforcement of a column required to carry an
axial load of 70,000 lb. Ultimate compression strength of the concrete, f'c,
is 2500 psi.
1. For an unreinforced rectangular column the safe axial load, P, is given
by:
P = 0.8Ag (0.225 f'c)
where Ag is the cross-sectional area of the concrete column.
2. The
column should have a cross-sectional area of:
3. If a
square column is chosen, it will have face dimensions of
b =
(155.5)1/2 = 12.47 in., say 12.5 in.
4. The
amount of vertical reinforcement should be 4 percent of the concrete area and
can be obtained from Figure 2. Try 3/4-inch-thick splints. The number
required is 8.8 for an area of (12.5)(12.5) = 156 sq in. However, Figure 2
provides only 3-percent reinforcement; thus 8.8 should be multiplied by (4/3)
to get 11.7. Thus, 12 splints should be used; these should be spaced evenly
around the perimeter with 1-1/2 in. of cover. Lateral ties should be arranged
as shown in the following figure to provide each vertical splint with a
90-degree corner (or smaller).
5. Tie
reinforcement size should be 2 percent of the total area of the vertical bars
confined by it. Each tie confines four vertical bars or an area of
4(3/4)(3/4) = 2.252 sq in. The cross-sectional area of the ties should be at
least 2 percent of this or 0.02(2.252) = 0.045 sq in. Try 1/4-inch by
1/4-inch splints. The cross-sectional area is (1/4)(1/4) = 0.063 sq in. and
therefore is adequate. The least dimension of the column is 12.5 in., and 16
times the thickness of the vertical reinforcement is 16(3/4) = 12.0 in.;
therefore, spacing of the lateral ties is restricted to a maximum of 12 in.
4.2.2 Example 4 - Replacement
of Steel Reinforced Square Column Design with Bamboo Reinforced Square
Column:
Construction
drawings call for a 12-inch-square concrete column reinforced with 12 No. 6
steel reinforcing bars. Three No. 2 ties on 12-inch centers are required.
Replace this column with a square column reinforced and tied with bamboo.
1. The
face dimensions should be increased by 50 percent. The bamboo reinforced
column will have sides of 1.5(12) = 18.0 in.
2. The
cross-sectional area is 18.0(18.0) = 324 sq in. Use 4 percent of the concrete
area as vertical reinforcement. Figure 2 is used to determine the size and
number of bamboo reinforcement. Assume 3/4-inch-thick splints will be used.
For a concrete area of 200 sq in., the number of these splints required is
11.0. Since this figure provides 3-percent reinforcement, the number of
splints should be multiplied by the ratio (4/3); it should also be multiplied
by the ratio (324/200) as a correction factor for concrete area. These
multiplications indicate that 24 splints should be used.
3.
Lateral ties should be arranged as shown in the following figure. Tie
reinforcement should be 2 percent of the area of the vertical bars confined
by it. Each tie confines four 3/4-inch-thick splints; therefore, the
calculations for tie size and spacing are identical to those in Example 3.
4.3 Ground-Supported Slabs
Figure
3 is used to determine slab thickness and required amount of bamboo reinforcement.
Figure 4 can be used to determine the size and spacing of the reinforcement.
In general, the reinforcement spacing should not be greater than the slab
thickness.
When
designs are available for steel reinforced slabs, no change in thickness is
required when reinforced with bamboo instead of steel. However, the volume of
the bamboo matting reinforcement should be about 4 times the amount used for
steel matting.
4.3.1 Example 5 -
Ground-Supported Slab Design:
Design
a bamboo reinforced concrete slab to support a maximum wheel load of 7000
pounds. The wheel contact area on the slab is estimated at 60 sq in. Slab
length between joints will be 8 ft.
1. The
slab thickness is determined from Figure 3a to be about 5-1/2 in.
2. The
required reinforcement is determined from Figure 3b to be 0.11 sq in. per
foot of slab width.
3. The
amount of the reinforcement is determined from Figure 4. The required amount
of reinforcement can be provided by 1/8-inch-thick splints on 12-inch
centers. However, in general, the reinforcing spacing should not be greater
than the slab thickness; a 6-inch spacing is adequate.
4.3.2 Example 6 - Replacement
of Steel Reinforced Slab with a Bamboo Reinforced Slab:
Construction
drawings call for a 6-inch-thick slab reinforced with No. 10 gage steel
reinforcing wire on 6-inch centers. Replace it with a bamboo reinforced slab.
1. The
thickness of the slab does not change.
2. From
Table II, the cross-sectional area of a No. 10 gauge wire is 0.0143 sq in.
Since these wires are spaced at 6 in., the area per foot is 0.0286 sq in.
Bamboo reinforcement should be 4 times that of the steel reinforcement or
0.114 sq in. per foot of slab width. From Figure 4, 1/8-inch-thick splints on
8-inch centers is adequate; however, the spacing should not exceed the slab
thickness so a 6- inch spacing should be used.
4.4 Walls
Non-bearing
concrete walls should have a thickness of not less than 5 inches and not less
than 1/30 the distance between the supporting or enclosing members; they
should be reinforced with at least 3/4-inch-diameter culms on 6-inch centers
in both vertical and horizontal directions. This reinforcement should be
provided as a one-layer mat in the middle of the wall. Two bamboo culms 1/2
inch or more in diameter should be placed above and at the sides of openings,
and two 3/4-inch-diameter culms 4 feet long should be placed diagonally
across the corners of openings.
1. H.
E. Glenn. "Bamboo reinforcement in portland cement concrete,"
Engineering Experiment Station, Clemson Agricultural College, Clemson, South
Carolina, Bulletin No. 4, May 1950.
2. U.
S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. Technical Report No. 6-646:
"Precast concrete elements with bamboo reinforcement," by E. F.
Smith and K. L. Saucier. Vicksburg, Mississippi, May 1964.
3. S.
R. Mehra and R. G. Ghosh. "Bamboo-reinforced soil-cement," Civil
Engineering and Public Works Review, Vol. 60, no. 711, October 1965; vol. 60,
no. 712. November 1965.
4.
"Concrete floors on ground," Portland Cement Association Concrete
Information, ST-51.
5.
American Concrete Institute. "Building code requirements for reinforced
concrete," (ACI 318-56). May 1956.
6.
Department of the Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks. Design Manual NAVDOCKS
DM-2, Structural Engineering. October 1964.
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|
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